Eustrongylides species1. OrganismLa

Eustrongylides species
1. Organism
Larval Eustrongylides spp. are large red roundworms (nematodes) that are ½ to 4½ inches (15 to 115 millimeters) long. The larvae are found in fish.
2. Disease
The disease (eustrongylidiasis) is caused by these worms when contaminated live or raw fish are consumed and the larval nematode penetrates the wall of the human intestine.
 Mortality: None known
 Infective dose: One live larval worm can cause an infection.
 Route of entry: Oral.
 Onset: Symptoms develop within 24 hours after a contaminated live or raw fish is eaten.
 Symptoms: In the five cases reported,
penetration of the worm into the gut
wall was accompanied by severe
abdominal pain.
 Complications: The abdominal pain is similar to appendicitis, and four of the five reported cases required investigative surgery. During surgery, worms were found in the peritoneal cavity or in the process of penetrating the gut wall. Intestinal damage and inflammation can occur during gut penetration, and other tissues could be damaged during any subsequent larval migration. The disease has the potential to cause bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity from intestinal contents or the worm itself.
 Duration of symptoms: Unknown. The symptoms were resolved by surgery. In one suspected case in which surgery was not performed, the symptoms resolved in 4 days.
3. Parasite Life Cycle
Adult Eustrongylides spp. live in the gastrointestinal tract of fish-eating birds, such as herons, egrets, and mergansers (the definitive hosts). The parasite’s eggs pass with bird feces into thewater. The eggs may be eaten by, and the larvae develop in, an oligochaete worm that lives in fresh or brackish water (an intermediate host). Fish become infected with parasite larvae by eating contaminated oligochaete worms, contaminated smaller fish, or directly from consumption of the parasite’s eggs. Parasite larvae encyst in the fish’s viscera and/or muscle. Birds become infected by eating contaminated fish, worms, or other intermediate hosts (amphibians and reptiles also have been reported as intermediate hosts). Humans may ingest live larvae with raw or undercooked fish. While the parasite cannot complete its life cycle in humans, it may attach to, and penetrate, the wall of the human digestive tract.
4. Target populations
The target populations are consumers of raw or undercooked fish that have not been previously frozen to kill parasites. Four of the five cases reported resulted from fishermen swallowing live, whole minnows used for bait.
5. Sources and prevention
Eustrongylides larvae are found in the flesh and viscera of a wide variety of fish from fresh, brackish, or salt waters. Whole minnows (i.e., that still contain the viscera) from estuaries may be a significant source, because their viscera frequently contain the larvae. Fish-eating bird populations near fresh or brackish water have the highest prevalence of the adult parasites; therefore, nearby fish, or fish that feed on fish that pass through such areas, are more likely to be contaminated. For example, fish raised in freshwater ponds with numerous fish-eating birds present may contain greater numbers of these worms.
The FDA Food Code guidelines for cooking fish should suffice to inactivate these worms. The guidelines for fish are as follows: cook the fish to an internal temperature of 145ºF for 15 seconds; to 155ºF for comminuted fish, such as fish cakes, and 165ºF for stuffed fish. Commercial processors and retailers may use a specific deep-freeze process to kill parasites in fish products that are served without thorough cooking. The food and fishery industries may obtain detailed information about freezing methods for killing seafood parasites in the current edition of the FDA Fish and Fishery Hazards and Controls Guidance.
6. Frequency
Extremely rare; only five cases reported.
7. Diagnosis
The illness is not fully diagnosed until the worm is identified after surgery. The abdominal pain that occurs is similar to the symptoms of appendicitis; however, parasitic worm infection may be suspected if the patient has recently eaten raw or incompletely cooked fish. Endoscopic, nonsurgical discovery and removal of the worm also may be possible.
8. Food Analysis
These large red worms may be seen without magnification in fish flesh and are normally very active after death of the fish. The larva is similar in appearance to that of the kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale).(The giant kidney worm – Dioctophyma renale – is a close relative of Eustrongylides that normally matures in the right kidney of fish-eating mink and other fish-eating mammals. The kidney worm is a potential human health hazard in raw or undercooked freshwater fish from endemic areas. To date, no human cases have been reported in the U.S.)
9. Examples of Outbreaks
There have been no major outbreaks in the U.S.
10. Resources
 Guerin PF et al. Intestinal perforation caused by larval Eustrongylides. Mo

Hasil (Inggris) 1:

Eustrongylides species1. OrganismLarval Eustrongylides spp. are large red roundworms (nematodes) that are ½ to 4½ inches (15 to 115 millimeters) long. The; plural larvae are found in fish.2. DiseaseThe disease (eustrongylidiasis) is caused by these worms when contaminated live or raw fish are consumed and the larval nematode penetrates the wall of the human intestine. Mortality: None known Infective dose: One live larval worms can cause an infection. Route of entry: Oral. Onset: Symptoms develop within 24 hours after a contaminated live or raw fish is eaten. Symptoms: In the five cases reported,penetration of the worm into the gutwall was accompanied by severeabdominal pain. Complications: The abdominal pain is similar to appendicitis, and four of the five reported cases required investigative surgery. During surgery, the worms were found in the peritoneal cavity or in the process of penetrating the gut wall. Intestinal damage and inflammation can occur.4womenonly gut during penetration, and other tissues could be damaged during any subsequent larval migration. The disease has the potential to cause bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity from intestinal contents or the worm itself. Duration of symptoms: Unknown. The symptoms were resolved by surgery. In one suspected case in which the surgery was not performed, the symptoms resolved in 4 days.3. the Parasite Life CycleAdult Eustrongylides spp. live in the gastrointestinal tract of fish-eating birds, such as herons, egrets, and mergansers (the definitive hosts). The parasite's eggs pass with bird feces into thewater. The eggs may be eaten by, and the; plural larvae develop in an oligochaete worm that lives in fresh or brackish water (an intermediate host). Fish become infected with the parasite; plural larvae by eating contaminated oligochaete worms, smaller contaminated fish, or directly from the consumption of the parasite's eggs. Parasite; plural larvae encyst in the fish's the and/or muscle. Birds become infected by eating contaminated fish, worms, or other intermediate hosts (amphibians and reptiles also have been reported u.s. intermediate hosts). Humans may ingest live; plural larvae with raw or undercooked fish. While the parasite cannot complete its life cycle in humans, it may attach to and penetrate the wall of the human digestive tract.4. The Target populationsThe target populations are the consumers of raw or undercooked fish that have not been previously frozen to kill parasites. Four of the five cases reported resulted from swallowing fishermen live, whole minnows used for bait.5. Sources and preventionEustrongylides larvae are found in the flesh and viscera of a wide variety of fish from fresh, brackish, or salt waters. Whole minnows (i.e., that still contain the viscera) from estuaries may be a significant source, because their viscera frequently contain the larvae. Fish-eating bird populations near fresh or brackish water have the highest prevalence of the adult parasites; therefore, nearby fish, or fish that feed on fish that pass through such areas, are more likely to be contaminated. For example, fish raised in freshwater ponds with numerous fish-eating birds present may contain greater numbers of these worms.The FDA Food Code guidelines for cooking fish should suffice to inactivate these worms. The guidelines for fish are as follows: cook the fish to an internal temperature of 145ºF for 15 seconds; to 155ºF for comminuted fish, such as fish cakes, and 165ºF for stuffed fish. Commercial processors and retailers may use a specific deep-freeze process to kill parasites in fish products that are served without thorough cooking. The food and fishery industries may obtain detailed information about freezing methods for killing seafood parasites in the current edition of the FDA Fish and Fishery Hazards and Controls Guidance.6. FrequencyExtremely rare; only five cases reported.7. DiagnosisThe illness is not fully diagnosed until the worm is identified after surgery. The abdominal pain that occurs is similar to the symptoms of appendicitis; however, parasitic worm infection may be suspected if the patient has recently eaten raw or incompletely cooked fish. Endoscopic, nonsurgical discovery and removal of the worm also may be possible.8. Food Analysis
These large red worms may be seen without magnification in fish flesh and are normally very active after death of the fish. The larva is similar in appearance to that of the kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale).(The giant kidney worm – Dioctophyma renale – is a close relative of Eustrongylides that normally matures in the right kidney of fish-eating mink and other fish-eating mammals. The kidney worm is a potential human health hazard in raw or undercooked freshwater fish from endemic areas. To date, no human cases have been reported in the U.S.)
9. Examples of Outbreaks
There have been no major outbreaks in the U.S.
10. Resources
 Guerin PF et al. Intestinal perforation caused by larval Eustrongylides. Mo

Hasil (Inggris) 2:

Eustrongylides species
1. Organism
larval Eustrongylides spp. large red are roundworms (nematodes) that are ½ to 4 ½ inches (15 to 115 millimeters) long. The larvae are found in fish.
2. Disease
The disease (eustrongylidiasis) is the caused by Reviews These worms when Contaminated live or raw fish are consumed and the larval nematode penetrates the wall of the human intestine.
 Mortality: None known
 infective dose: One live larval worms can cause an infection.
 Route of entry: Oral.
 Onset: Symptoms develop within 24 hours after a Contaminated live or raw fish is eaten.
 Symptoms: In the five cases Reported,
penetration of the worm into the gut
wall was accompanied by severe
abdominal pain.
 Complications : The abdominal pain is similar to appendicitis, and four of the five investigative Reported cases required surgery. During surgery, worms were found in the peritoneal cavity or in the process of penetrating the gut wall. Intestinal damage and inflammation can occur during penetration gut, and other tissues could be damaged during any subsequent larval migration. The disease has the potential to cause a bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity from the intestinal contents or the worm itself.
 Duration of symptoms: Unknown. The symptoms were resolved by surgery. In one suspected case in the which surgery was not performed, the symptoms resolved in 4 days.
3. Parasite Life Cycle
Adult Eustrongylides spp. live in the gastrointestinal tract of fish-eating birds, such as herons, egrets, and mergansers (the definitive hosts). The parasite's eggs pass into thewater with bird feces. The eggs may be eaten by, and the larvae develop in, an oligochaete worm that lives in fresh or Brackish water (an intermediate host). Fish Become infected with parasite larvae by eating Contaminated oligochaete worms, Contaminated smaller fish, or Directly from consumption of the parasite's eggs. Parasite larvae encyst in the fish's viscera and / or muscle. Birds Become infected by eating Contaminated fish, worms, or other intermediate hosts (amphibians and reptiles Also have been Reported as intermediate hosts). Humans may ingest live larvae with raw or undercooked fish. While the parasite can not complete its life cycle in humans, it may attach to, and penetrate, the wall of the human digestive tract.
4. Target Populations
The target of Populations are consumers of raw or undercooked fish that have not been Previously frozen to kill parasites. Four of the five cases Reported resulted from swallowing fishermen live, whole minnows used for temple.
5. Sources and prevention
Eustrongylides larvae are found in the flesh and viscera of a wide variety of fish from fresh, Brackish, or salt waters. Whole minnows (ie, that still Contain the viscera) from estuaries may be a significant source, Reviews their viscera frequently Contain Because the larvae. Fish-eating bird Populations near fresh or Brackish water have the highest prevalence of the adult parasites; therefore, nearby fish, or fish that feed on fish that pass through such areas, are more Likely to Be Contaminated. For example, fish raised in freshwater ponds with numerous fish-eating birds present may contain greater numbers of Reviews These worms.
The FDA Food Code guidelines for cooking fish should suffice to inactivate Reviews These worms. The guidelines for fish are as follows: cook the fish to an internal temperature of 145ºF for 15 seconds; to 155ºF for comminuted fish, such as fish cakes, and 165ºF for stuffed fish. Commercial processors and retailers may use a specific deep-freeze process to kill parasites in fish products that are served without thorough cooking. The food and fishery industries may Obtain detailed information about seafood freezing methods for killing parasites in the current edition of the FDA's Fish and Fishery Hazards and Controls Guidance.
6. Frequency
Extremely rare; Reported only five cases.
7. Diagnosis
The illness is not fully Diagnosed until the worm is identified after surgery. The abdominal pain Occurs that is similar to the symptoms of appendicitis; however, parasitic worm infection may be suspected if the patient has recently eaten raw or incompletely cooked fish. Endoscopic, nonsurgical discovery and removal of the worm Also may be possible.
8. Food Analysis
Reviews These large red worms may be seen without magnification in fish flesh and are normally very active after the death of the fish. The larva is Similar in appearance to that of the kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale). (The giant kidney worm - Dioctophyma renale - is a close relative of Eustrongylides that normally matures in the right kidney of fish-eating mink and other fish-eating Mammals . The kidney worm is a potential human health hazard in raw or undercooked freshwater fish from endemic areas. To date, no human cases have been Reported in the US)
9. Examples of Outbreaks
There have been no major outbreaks in the US
10. Resources
 Guerin PF et al. Intestinal perforation the caused by larval Eustrongylides. Mo