DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA democracy PraOrde New Developments Since the issuance of intimation vice president No. X 3 november 1945, which advocated the establishment of political parties, the development of democracy in a period of revolution and democracy pearlementer characterized by a typical power distribution. President Sukarno was placed as the owner of the power of symbolic and ceremonial, while the real power of government held by the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and the Parliament. Political parties play a central role in the political life and processes of government. Competition between the strength and the political interests that experienced the greatest freedom in the history of independent Indonesia. Political struggles marked by the attraction between the party in power with political power circles outside the corridors of power, the second party to the first party mncoba draw outside of the corridors of power. The activities of political participation in the running with a frenetic, mainly through the channel of political parties that accommodates ideology and growing primordial value in the community, but only involves a handful of political elites. During this period, the let down of president Sukarno is a problem that only a mere symbolic role of the military as well. Finally, this mass was destroyed after a split between the elite and between political parties on the one hand, and on the other hand due to the attitude of Sukarno and the military on democracy run. The split between the political elite is compounded by the hidden conflict between the power of the political parties with Sukarno and the military, as well as the inability of any cabinet in the realization of the program and address the potential regional divisions indicates integral crisis and severe stability. This situation is exploited by nationalist Sukarno to realize the economy, and the adoption of the Emergency Law in 1957, then a period of guided democracy has now begun. The period of guided democracy early this Zaken begins with the formation of the Cabinet led by Ir. Juanda on April 9, 1957, and became firmly after the Presidential Decree of 5 July 1959. Power became centralized in the hands of the president, and perpetually significantly offset by the role of the PKI and the Army. The forces of political superstructure and infrastructure is almost fully controlled by the president. With great ambition PKI began menmperluas power so there was a coup by the PKI which failed at the end of September 1965, and then start on the mass of the new order. From the description above it can be concluded, among other things: stability of the government in the 20 years of calm in the lock state concern. Experienced a change of cabinet 25, 20 times the turnover of executive power by an average of one turn of each year. Political stability sevara common concern. Characterized by the quantity of political conflict is very high. Ideological conflict and primordial in the post-independence period of 20 years. The economic crisis. In times of crisis because of parliamentary democracy because the cabinet did not have time to merealisasika economic program for frequent change of power. Guided Democracy era of economic crisis because of his love for the revolution and international affairs so that the lack of attention in the economic sector. The device institutional concern. Unpreparedness of the government apparatus in the political process menjaadikan bureaucracy neglected. The development of democracy the Revolution of Independence. The implementation of democracy in the reign of a new revolution is limited to political interaction in parliament and the press that supports the functioning of the revolution. Although not many historical records concerning the development of democracy in this period, but in that period has been put basic things. First, the granting of political rights as a whole. Second, the constitutional president is likely to be a dictator. Third, by edict Vice President, then it is possible the formation of a political party that later became the foundation stone for the party system in Indonesia for the later period in the history of our political life. The development of parliamentary democracy (1945-1959) The second period is the government of Indonesia in 1950 and 1959, using the Provisional Constitution (Provisional Constitution) as a constitutional basis. In this period was the heyday of democracy in Indonesia, because almost all the elements of democracy can be found in the embodiment of political life in Indonesia. People's representative assembly or parliament plays a very high role in the political process that is running. Embodiments of parliamentary power is shown by the number of no-confidence motion that resulted in the government kepad cabinet should be resigned. A number of cases fall of the cabinet in this period is a concrete example of the high accountability of office holders and politicians. There are nearly 40 parties were formed with a high degree of autonomy in the recruitment process either in management or leadership of his party and his supporters. Parliamentary democracy fails because (1) the political dominance of the flow, so that the consequences of conflict management; (2) the socio-economic base is still very weak; (3) similarity of interests between President Sukarno with the Army, which is equally not happy with the political process that is running. Development of Guided Democracy (1959-1965) Since the end of the 1955 general pemillihan, President Sukarno is showing symptoms of displeasure to the political parties. It happened because the political parties are very oriented to the interests of its own ideology and politics and less attention to the interests of the nation as menyeluruh.disamping Sukarno made the remark that parliamentary democracy is not in accordance with the Indonesian national identity imbued with the spirit of brotherhood and mutual cooperation. Politics in this period characterized by a very strong benchmark among the three main political force at that time, namely: President Sukarno, the Indonesian Communist Party, and the Army. The main characteristics of guided democracy is: combine party system, with the formation of DPR-GR role of the legislature in the political system becomes so weak nasionall, Basic Human Rights becomes very weak, the Guided Democracy era was the peak of semnagt anti freedom of the press, the centralization of power dominant in the relationship between central and local government. The view A. Shafi Maarif, guided democracy actually want to put Sukarno seagai "father" in a large family named Indonesia with centralized power in his hands. Thus, a big mistake in Sukarno's Guided Democracy is the denial of the democratic values that absolutism and the concentration of power only on himself the leader. In addition, there is no social control room and the checks and balances of the legislative to the executive. (Sunarso, et al. 2008: 132-136)
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