Activator: the presence of metal oxides or salts of calcium, zinc or magnesium is required to achieve the full effect of almost all types of accelerators. The solubility of the ingredients is very important. Therefore, metal oxide-oxide is widely used together with organic acids like stearic acid or metal soaps are used (lauric, stearic). Besides the necessity of activator, with accelerators such as merkaptobenzotiazol, the presence of metal oxides is becoming very important in determining the type of cross bonding reactions that occur. The bonds that are formed are strong ion bridges formed when vulcanization.
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