Introduction Hepatitis C is a disease that is important because it is responsible for about 90% of post-transfusion hepatitis is suspected and 3% of the world's population has been infected with the hepatitis C virus has incubation period of approximately 7 weeks (2-26 weeks). Chronic hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and carcinoma of the hepatoseluler. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) was first identified in l998 and is the main cause of hepatitis non-A, non-B. Before the discovery of serologis tests for hepatitis C, a diagnosis of hepatitis non-A non-B hepatitis A exclusion of enforced, hepatitis B and other possible causes of hepatitis. Hepatitis C virus is a single-stranded RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae includes. The HCV genome was discovered in 1989 by Choo et al. Because of the structure of a very heterogeneous HCV genome and easily held the mutation variations occur easily thus travel clinic HCV infections, anti-virus therapy response is not good and the difficulty of making vaccines. The success of the therapy against HCV infection anti virus is lower compared with virus hepatitis B therapy and relapsnya figures higher. The role of the laboratory in this disease is to prevent transmission of disease diagnosis, monitor, enforce travel sickness, monitor and predict the prognosis of treatment response. Laboratory Examination Hepatitis C Virus Infection On A. Examination Of The Biochemical Filter Inspection B. (Screening Test) C. Confirmation Test D. Determination Of Genotyping HCV A. Biochemical Examination. On examination of blood seen an increase in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and transaminase. Serum transaminase Serum Alanine Amino Transferase mainly (ALT = SGPT) a varied hike occurs, then the above normal values decline or fluctuate, increasing kadangkadang up and down sometimes erratic. In General, symptoms clinical hepatitis virus C acute hepatitis symptoms are difficult to distinguish with the virus B and other acute viral infections, and more than 50% of the patients showed increased liver faal tests. In acute hepatitis C increased ALT occurs 7-8 weeks after infection and can increase to 10-15 times the normal rate. The typical virus hepatitis C is on chronic patterns improved enzyme ALT (SGPT) is polifasik, down up (like "yo yo") for 6 months or more. The Summit increased SGPT is generally not as high as hepatitis B, whereas other enzymes increase similar to the hepatitis B virus. Prior to the discovery of a specific serologis alert, in case of increase in serum transaminase at least twice above the normal value at twice the examination separately have an important diagnostic value i.e. when not found any other reasons that can lead to an increase in the enzymes are clearly among others the existence of exposure to toxic materials, drugs or serologis of the existence of other hepatitis infection.B. Examination Of Filter (Screening Test). Examination of the specific Antibodies Anti-HCV can be done namely by means of a RIA (Radio Immuno Assay) or EIA/ELISA (= Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay). The way the main antigen C 100-3 which is synthesized through the engineering DNA of yeast cultures. Antigens that have been dilapiskan in the solid phase, then is reacted with antibodies found in the serum. The measurement is done with the second antigen that has been labelled. Antibodies against HCV is judged is the Immunoglobulin anti HCV. 1. Testing anti-HCV ELISA first generation only wear one antigen only i.e. C 1003. This test is less sensitive (sensitivitasnya is 80% to 90% compared to the second generation). False positive results for the first generation test can occur in patients with hipergammaglobulinemia and the presence of rheumatoid factor. In addition to the second generation ELISA antigen C 100-3, used two additional antigens are proteins C-22 and C-33 of the core (core) and NS-3 protein. The anti-HCV test the second generation is more sensitive and more specific in detecting the antibody of infectious hepatitis virus C (a sensitivity close to 99%). ELISA third generation have been carried out in 1994 with the addition of the NS-5, proved to be a third generation anti HCV more sensitive compared to previous generations. These tests use serum or plasma that has been diluted, and then incubated with a bead that has been coated with antigen HCV. If there are antibodies in serum immunoglobulin, the sufferer will be bound with a bead above and can be detected. 2. Recombinant Immunoblot Assay (RIBA). A test of the virus of hepatitis C protein by Recombinant Immunoblot Assay methods (RIBA) that the principle is a immunoelektroforesis to detect antibodies to the hepatitis C virus. USURY in the form of Nitrocellulose strips containing a Ribbon-Ribbon (bands) are coated antigen-specific antigens and then reacted with the serum of the patient. a. RIBA 1. RIBA recombinant antigens using 1 C 1003, 5-1-1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme to heighten the efficiency of cloning. RIBA 1 reported more sensitive and more specific than ELISA 1. b. RIBA 2. RIBA recombinant antigens using 2 C 1003, 5-1-1, SOD, C-33c and C-22. RIBA 2 more sensitive sensitivity (98%) and more specifically of the RIBA'S 1. The addition of recombinant antigen C-33c and C22 at RIBA 2 turns heightens sensitivity. c. RIBA 3. RIBA 3 uses 2 kinds of antigens are antigens Sinthetic peptides C 100-3 and C-22 and C-33c recombinant antigen and NS-5. RIBA 3 reported more sensitive than RIBA 2 due to the addition of sinthetic peptides. (Wibisono, 2000). Though USURY was more specific than ELISA, USURY is not a "True Confirmation Test" because it uses the same antigens as used in ELISA, particularly C 100-3. More precisely, if tests of RIBA is referred to as "Supplemental Test". Sebenarnya Anti HCV baru positif sekitar 15 minggu setelah infeksi terjadi, sehingga mengakibatkan Hepatitis C akut jarang terdiagnosis dan diagnosis hanya dapat ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan HCV RNA dengan metode PCR pada permulaan penyakit. Anti HCV pada umumnya akan menghilang dengan sembuhnya penyakit. Kurang lebih 70-85% hepatitis C akut akan berkembang menjadi hepatitis C kronik, dan pada keadaan ini Anti-HCV tidak akan menghilang. Sebelum dilakukan uji saring, Anti HCV terdapat pada 80 –90% penderita hepatitis pasca transfusi. Perjalanan penyakit Hepatitis C yang cenderung menjadi sirosis hati dan Karsinoma hepatoseluler membuat uji saring darah donor sangat berguna karena dapat menurunkan kejadian hepatitis C sebanyak 50 – 80%. (Zuraida , 2000). Tes penyaring untuk hepatitis C perlu dilakukan pada: a. Penderita yang pernah mendapat transfusi darah atau produk darah sebelum adanya ELISA generasi kedua. b. Penderita haemofilia. c. Pasien yang telah di hemodialisis. d. Anak dari ibu penderita hepatitis C. e. Pernah atau masih menggunakan obat-obat intravena. f. Donor transplantasi organ maupun jaringan. Menurut Consensus Statement EASL, 1999. g. Tes ELISA merupakan tes yang terbaik untuk penyaring karena mudah dilakukan dan tidak terlalu mahal. Hasil tes dapat dipercaya pada kebanyakan pasien immunokompeten yang mereplikasi hepatitis C virus. Tes ini kurang sensitif pada pasien hemodialisis dan immunokompromais. Pada uji saring bank darah positif palsu bisa terjadi pada 25% donor dan perlu dilakukan supplemental test seperti RIBA. Apabila perlu maka dilanjutkan dengan HCV RNA kualitatif untuk konfirmasi Anti HCV yang positif tersebut. Pada populasi risiko tinggi dimana diduga menderita HCV, ELISA yang positif harus dikonfirmasi dengan tes RNA kualitatif. Pada pasien dengan hepa-titis akut, tes ELISA harus dila-kukan dulu. Kalau tes hepatitis A dan B negatif, maka harus di-lakukan tes HCV RNA kua-litatif. Pada pasien hepatitis kronis tanpa diketahui sebabnya dengan ELISA negatif terutama pasien hemodialisis dan immunokompromais, harus dilakukan tes HCV RNA. Sebenarnya terdapat dua macam anti HCV, yaitu IgM Anti HCV dan IgG Anti HCV. Selama infeksi HCV akut, antibodi yang pertama terdeteksi adalah IgM Anti HCV yang kemudian akan berkurang dengan timbulnya IgG Anti HCV. Namun IgM Anti HCV seringkali menetap apabila infeksi menjadi kronis dan ini menandakan adanya replikasi aktif dari virus. (Setiabudi, 1996). Peneliti lain menyatakan bahwa kepentingan pemeriksaan IgM Anti HCV masih diragukan karena pada kenyataannya IgM Anti HCV ditemukan pada 50– 93% Hepatitis C Akut tetapi juga pada 50–70% penderita Hepatitis C Kronis. Oleh karena itu IgM Anti HCV tidak dapat dipakai sebagai petanda serologis yang dapat dipercaya pada infeksi Hepatitis C Akut. (Pawlotsky, 1999). C. Tes Konfirmasi. Pemeriksaan HCV RNA. Kalau pemeriksaan Anti HCV merupakan pemeriksaan antibodi, maka pemeriksaan antigen dilakukan dengan memeriksa HCV-RNA yang dapat dilakukan secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan dengan metode biologi molekuler seperti PCR dan branched-DNA (b-DNA). PCR merupakan metode pemeriksaan berdasarkan amplifikasi target RNA atau DNA. Dalam hal ini sejumlah kecil RNA/DNA virus diperbanyak terlebih dahulu sebelum dideteksi, sehingga metode ini sangat sensitif. b-DNA merupakan metode pemeriksaan berdasarkan amplifikasi signal yang dihasilkan. Dengan adanya molekul penguat (b-DNA), maka signal yang dideteksi akan diperkuat. Manfaat pemeriksaan HCV RNA diantaranya adalah untuk menentukan tingkat aktivitas penyakit secara kuantitatif pada penderita hepatitis C kronis, membantu menentukan prognosis setelah pengobatan dengan α-interferon, mengukur respon penderita hepatitis C kronis terhadap pengobatan αinterferon dan merupakan pemeriksaan tambahan terhadap pemeriksaan fungsi hati, sejarah klinis dan studi serologis dalam evaluasi hepatitis C. Satu-satunya cara untuk menentukan adanya viremia adalah dengan deteksi HCV-RNA menggunakan cara Reversed Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Ca
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