PendahuluanKemiskinan merupakan sal

Pendahuluan
Kemiskinan merupakan salah satu permasalahan pembangunan di setiap negara. Penurunan angka kemiskinan merupakan salah satu indikator keberhasilan dari masing-masing negara dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakatnya. Berbagai kebijakan dan program pengentasan kemiskinan telah dijalankan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia untuk membantu menurunkan angka kemiskinan. Sejalan dengan kebijakan tersebut, sejak tahun 2008 sampai dengan 2014, angka kemiskinan Indonesia mengalami penurunan dengan rata-rata penurunan angka kemiskinan setiap tahunnya sebesar 0,8 (BPS, 2014). Strategi penanggulangan kemiskinan yang terintegrasi antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah telah diterapkan terutama dalam menyempurnakan program perlindungan sosial, peningkatan akses masyarakat miskin terhadap pelayanan dasar, pemberdayaan masyarakat dan pembangunan yang inklusif (Nuraini, 2014). Kemiskinan merupakan suatu integrated concept yang memiliki dimensi ketidakberdayaan, kerentanan menghadapi situasi darurat, ketergantungan dan keterasingan secara geografis maupun sosiologis dan ditandai dengan tiadanya enam modal yaitu: (1) Human Capital (kesehatan, pendidikan, nutrisi), (2) Modal usaha, (3) Infrasruktur (jalan, listrik, air bersih, sanitasi), (4) Modal alam, (5) Administrasi publik yang dikelola baik, (6) Modal pengetahuan, sebagian mereka hidup dalam keluarga yang kemampuan konsumsinya di bawah garis tertentu, seperti dibawah $1 atau $2 per hari, atau di bawah level yang ditetapkan masing-masing negara, karena sebab natural, kultural dan struktural yang mengarah pada sifat-sifat materialis (Prastyo, 2010; Santoso, 2011; Nugroho&Dahuri, 2012).
Pengukuran kemiskinan di Indonesia dilakukan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik yang dikenal dengan indek kemiskinan P0 (head count index), indek kedalaman kemiskinan P1 (poverty gap index), dan indek keparahan kemiskinan P2 (distributionally sensitive index). Indek kemiskinan (P0) merupakan perhitungan dari persentase populasi yang hidup di dalam keluarga dengan pengeluaran konsumsi per kapita di bawah garis kemiskinan. Indek kedalaman kemiskinan (P1) merupakan perhitungan dari persentase rata-rata kesenjangan pengeluaran masing-masing penduduk miskin terhadap garis kemiskinan. Indek keparahan kemiskinan (P2) menggambarkan penyebaran pengeluaran diantara penduduk miskin (BPS, 2014).
Kemiskinan merupakan salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam menurunnya human capital masyarakat. Human capital atau modal manusia merupakan salah satu faktor yang mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Pembangunan di bidang modal manusia merupakan salah satu faktor mempercepat penanggulangan kemiskinan. Modal manusia merupakan indikator dari pendidikan, kesehatan dan kapasitas manusia lain yang mampu meningkatkan produktivitas sehingga penekanan pembangunan manusia perlu lebih menitikberatkan terhadap investasi modal manusia (Todaro, 2006). Keberhasilan strategi penanggulangan kemiskinan salah satunya dengan peningkatan kualitas pembangunan manusia. Salah satu ukuran kualitas pembangunan manusia menggunakan indek pembangunan manusia (human development index) yang merupakan indek komposit meliputi tiga komponen pembangunan manusia yang dianggap mendasar yaitu kesehatan, pendidikan dan standar hidup layak.
Pengukuran indek pembangunan manusia meliputi usia hidup yang diukur dengan harapan hidup pada saat kelahiran dengan dasar rata-rata anak yang dilahirkan hidup atau rata-rata anak yang masih hidup. Pengetahuan yang diukur dengan rata-rata lamanya waktu sekolah dan angka melek huruf penduduk dengan usia 15 tahun keatas dengan kombinasi pendidikan dasar, menengah. Standard kehidupan yang layak diukur dengan GDP per kapita gross domestic product/produk domestik bruto dalam paritas kekuatan beli purchasing power parity dalam Dollar AS atau dengan rata-rata pengeluaran riil yang disesuaikan (Harahap, 2010; Harttgen&Klassen, 2011; Nuraini, 2014).
Sesuai dengan tujuan pembangunan yang menginginkan turunnya angka kemiskinan dan tingginya kualitas pembangunan manusia, pada tahun 2013 indek kemiskinan tertinggi yang berarti bahwa wilayah dengan persentase penduduk miskin terbanyak dengan indek pembangunan manusia terendah adalah provinsi Papua sedangkan wilayah dengan indek kemiskinan terendah dan angka indek pembangunan manusia tertinggi adalah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Jawa Timur sebagai salah satu provinsi di Indonesia yang memiliki angka indek kemiskinan tinggi sebesar 12,7 tetapi memiliki angka indek pembangunan manusia rata-rata provinsi di Indonesia sebesar 73,54. Selain Jawa Timur, provinsi lain yang memiliki indek pembangunan manusia tinggi tetapi memiliki angka kemiskinan tinggi adalah Provinsi Yogyakarta, Sumatera Selatan, Jawa Tengah.
Tabel 1.1 Indek Kemiskinan dan Indek Pembangunan Manusia Indonesia tahun 2013

Hasil (Inggris) 1:

IntroductionPoverty is one of the problems of development in each country. The decline in poverty is one indicator of the success of each country in improving the welfare of the people. A wide range of poverty alleviation policies and programs have been run by the Government of Indonesia to help bring down poverty. In line with these policies, since 2008 until 2014, Indonesia has decreased poverty with an average decrease in poverty every year amounting to 0.8 (BPS, 2014). An integrated poverty reduction strategy between the Central Government and the regions has been applied mainly in perfecting social protection programs, increased access of the poor against the basic services, community empowerment and the development of an inclusive (Nuraini, 2014). Poverty is an integrated concept that has dimensions of powerlessness, vulnerability facing emergency situations, addiction and alienation is geographically as well as sociological and marked by the absence of six capital: (1) Human Capital (health, education, nutrition), venture capital (2), (3) Infrastructure (roads, electricity, clean water, sanitation), natural capital (4), (5) the public administration that is managed well, (6) Capital of knowledge, some of them live in families that the ability of certain konsumsinya on down the line , like under $ 1 or $ 2 per day, or under a defined level of each State, due to natural causes, cultural and structural traits leads to a materialist (Prastyo, 2010; Santoso, 2011; Nugroho & Dahuri, 2012). The measurement of poverty in Indonesia was conducted by the Central Bureau of statistics, known as poverty index P0 (head count index), the poverty depth index P1 (poverty gap index), and the poverty severity index P2 (distributionally sensitive index). The poverty index (P0) is the calculation of the percentage of the population who live in families with a per capita consumption expenditure below the poverty line. Poverty depth index (P1) is the calculation of the average percentage of the expenditure gap of each resident of the poor against the poverty line. The poverty severity index (P2) describes the spread of expenditure among the poor population (BPS, 2014).Poverty is one of the factors that play a role in the declining human capital community. Human capital or human capital is one of the factors capable of improving the welfare of the community. Development in the field of human capital is one of the factors speed up poverty reduction. Human capital is an indicator of the education, health and other human capacity that is able to increase productivity so that the emphasis needs to be more focus on human development towards human capital investment (Todaro, 2006). The success of the poverty reduction strategy by improving the quality of human development. One measure of the quality of human development using human development index (human development index) which is a composite index includes the following three components of human development which is considered fundamental, namely health, education and a decent standard of living. The measurement of the human development index covering the age of living as measured by life expectancy at birth on the basis of the average child who was born alive or the average child who was still alive. Knowledge is measured by the average length of time schools and number literate population with over 15 years of age with a combination of primary, secondary education. A decent living standard measured by GDP per capita gross domestic product/gross domestic product in purchasing power parity purchasing power parity in us dollars or with an average real expenditure adjusted (Harahap, 2010; Harttgen & Klassen, 2011; Nuraini, 2014). In accordance with the objectives of development and poverty decline wants high quality human development, by 2013 the highest poverty index which means that regions with the largest percentage of the poor population with the lowest human development index was Papua Province while the area with the lowest poverty index and the highest human development index number is DKI Jakarta. East Java as one of the provinces in Indonesia which has high poverty index numbers of 12.7 but has a human development index of the average province in Indonesia of 73.54. In addition to the other provinces of East Java, which has a high human development index but has high poverty numbers is the province of South Sumatra, Yogyakarta, Central Java.Table 1.1 the poverty Index and the Human Development Index Indonesia by 2013

Hasil (Inggris) 2:

Introduction
Poverty is one of the problems of development in each country. The decline in the poverty rate is one indicator of the success of each country in improving welfare. Various policies and poverty alleviation programs have been implemented by the Government of Indonesia to help reduce poverty. In line with the policy, from 2008 to 2014, poverty rate in Indonesia decreased by an average annual decline in the poverty rate by 0.8 (CBS, 2014). Poverty reduction strategy that is integrated between central and local governments have been applied mainly to enhance social protection programs, increasing the poor's access to basic services, community development and inclusive development (Nuraini, 2014). Poverty is an integrated concept which has dimensions of powerlessness, vulnerability deal with emergency situations, dependency and alienation geographically and sociologically and is characterized by the absence of six capital, namely: (1) human capital (health, education, nutrition), (2) Venture capital, ( 3) infrastructure (roads, electricity, clean water, sanitation), (4) capital nature, (5) Administration managed public good, (6) the capital of knowledge, most of them live in families whose ability consumption is below a certain line, as shown below $ 1 or $ 2 per day, or below levels determined by each country, for reasons of natural, cultural and structural leads to the properties of the materialist (Prastyo 2010; Santoso, 2011; Nugroho & Dahuri, 2012).
the measurement of poverty in Indonesia do by the Central Statistics Agency, known as the poverty index P0 (head count index), index P1 depth of poverty (poverty gap index), and the severity of poverty index P2 (distributionally sensitive index). Poverty index (P0) is a calculation of the percentage of the population living in families with per capita consumption expenditure below the poverty line. The index of poverty depth (P1) is a calculation of the average percentage of each expenditure gap of the poor to the poverty line. Poverty severity index (P2) describe the distribution of expenditures among the poor (CBS, 2014).
Poverty is one factor that plays a role in the decline in human capital. Human capital or human capital is one of the factors that can improve people's welfare. Development in the field of human capital is one of the factors accelerating poverty reduction. Human capital is an indicator of health, education and other human capacities to increase productivity so that the suppression of human development need to be more focused on investment in human capital (Todaro, 2006). The success of the poverty reduction strategy either by improving the quality of human development. One measure of the quality of human development using the index of human development (human development index) which is an index of the composite includes three components of human development that are considered fundamental, namely health, education and decent living standards.
Measurement of the index of human development include age of life measured by life expectancy at birth on the basis of the average child born alive or average number of children who are still alive. Knowledge, as measured by the average length of time the school and the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older with a combination of primary, secondary. Standard decent living measured by GDP per capita gross domestic product / GDP in parity purchasing power purchasing power parity in US Dollars or the average real spending adjusted (Harahap, 2010; Harttgen & Klassen, 2011; Nuraini, 2014).
In accordance with the aim of development wants poverty levels and the high quality of human development, in 2013 the index of the highest poverty which means that the areas with the percentage of poor people in the index of human development is the lowest Papua province, while the region with the index of the lowest poverty and figures index of human development is the highest Jakarta Province. East Java as one of the provinces in Indonesia which has a high poverty index figure of 12.7 but has a human development index figures the provincial average in Indonesia amounted to 73.54. Besides East Java, another province that has a high human development index but has a high poverty rate is the Yogyakarta province, South Sumatra, Central Java.
Table 1.1 Poverty Index and Human Development Index Indonesia in 2013