Introduction Hepatitis C is a disease that is important because it is responsible for about 90% of post-transfusion hepatitis is suspected and 3% of the world's population has been infected with the hepatitis C virus has incubation period of approximately 7 weeks (2-26 weeks). Chronic hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and carcinoma of the hepatoseluler. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) was first identified in l998 and is the main cause of hepatitis non-A, non-B. Before the discovery of serologis tests for hepatitis C, a diagnosis of hepatitis non-A non-B hepatitis A exclusion of enforced, hepatitis B and other possible causes of hepatitis. Hepatitis C virus is a single-stranded RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae includes. The HCV genome was discovered in 1989 by Choo et al. Because of the structure of a very heterogeneous HCV genome and easily held the mutation variations occur easily thus travel clinic HCV infections, anti-virus therapy response is not good and the difficulty of making vaccines. The success of the therapy against HCV infection anti virus is lower compared with virus hepatitis B therapy and relapsnya figures higher. The role of the laboratory in this disease is to prevent transmission of disease diagnosis, monitor, enforce travel sickness, monitor and predict the prognosis of treatment response. Laboratory Examination Hepatitis C Virus Infection On A. Examination Of The Biochemical Filter Inspection B. (Screening Test) C. Confirmation Test D. Determination Of Genotyping HCV A. Biochemical Examination. On examination of blood seen an increase in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and transaminase. Serum transaminase Serum Alanine Amino Transferase mainly (ALT = SGPT) a varied hike occurs, then the above normal values decline or fluctuate, increasing kadangkadang up and down sometimes erratic. In General, symptoms clinical hepatitis virus C acute hepatitis symptoms are difficult to distinguish with the virus B and other acute viral infections, and more than 50% of the patients showed increased liver faal tests. In acute hepatitis C increased ALT occurs 7-8 weeks after infection and can increase to 10-15 times the normal rate. The typical virus hepatitis C is on chronic patterns improved enzyme ALT (SGPT) is polifasik, down up (like "yo yo") for 6 months or more. The Summit increased SGPT is generally not as high as hepatitis B, whereas other enzymes increase similar to the hepatitis B virus. Prior to the discovery of a specific serologis alert, in case of increase in serum transaminase at least twice above the normal value at twice the examination separately have an important diagnostic value i.e. when not found any other reasons that can lead to an increase in the enzymes are clearly among others the existence of exposure to toxic materials, drugs or serologis of the existence of other hepatitis infection.B. Examination Of Filter (Screening Test). Examination of the specific Antibodies Anti-HCV can be done namely by means of a RIA (Radio Immuno Assay) or EIA/ELISA (= Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay). The way the main antigen C 100-3 which is synthesized through the engineering DNA of yeast cultures. Antigens that have been dilapiskan in the solid phase, then is reacted with antibodies found in the serum. The measurement is done with the second antigen that has been labelled. Antibodies against HCV is judged is the Immunoglobulin anti HCV. 1. Testing anti-HCV ELISA first generation only wear one antigen only i.e. C 1003. This test is less sensitive (sensitivitasnya is 80% to 90% compared to the second generation). False positive results for the first generation test can occur in patients with hipergammaglobulinemia and the presence of rheumatoid factor. In addition to the second generation ELISA antigen C 100-3, used two additional antigens are proteins C-22 and C-33 of the core (core) and NS-3 protein. The anti-HCV test the second generation is more sensitive and more specific in detecting the antibody of infectious hepatitis virus C (a sensitivity close to 99%). ELISA third generation have been carried out in 1994 with the addition of the NS-5, proved to be a third generation anti HCV more sensitive compared to previous generations. These tests use serum or plasma that has been diluted, and then incubated with a bead that has been coated with antigen HCV. If there are antibodies in serum immunoglobulin, the sufferer will be bound with a bead above and can be detected. 2. Recombinant Immunoblot Assay (RIBA). A test of the virus of hepatitis C protein by Recombinant Immunoblot Assay methods (RIBA) that the principle is a immunoelektroforesis to detect antibodies to the hepatitis C virus. USURY in the form of Nitrocellulose strips containing a Ribbon-Ribbon (bands) are coated antigen-specific antigens and then reacted with the serum of the patient. a. RIBA 1. RIBA recombinant antigens using 1 C 1003, 5-1-1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme to heighten the efficiency of cloning. RIBA 1 reported more sensitive and more specific than ELISA 1. b. RIBA 2. RIBA recombinant antigens using 2 C 1003, 5-1-1, SOD, C-33c and C-22. RIBA 2 more sensitive sensitivity (98%) and more specifically of the RIBA'S 1. The addition of recombinant antigen C-33c and C22 at RIBA 2 turns heightens sensitivity. c. RIBA 3. RIBA 3 uses 2 kinds of antigens are antigens Sinthetic peptides C 100-3 and C-22 and C-33c recombinant antigen and NS-5. RIBA 3 reported more sensitive than RIBA 2 due to the addition of sinthetic peptides. (Wibisono, 2000). Though USURY was more specific than ELISA, USURY is not a "True Confirmation Test" because it uses the same antigens as used in ELISA, particularly C 100-3. More precisely, if tests of RIBA is referred to as "Supplemental Test". Sebenarnya Anti HCV baru positif sekitar 15 minggu setelah infeksi terjadi, sehingga mengakibatkan Hepatitis C akut jarang terdiagnosis dan diagnosis hanya dapat ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan HCV RNA dengan metode PCR pada permulaan penyakit. Anti HCV pada umumnya akan menghilang dengan sembuhnya penyakit. Kurang lebih 70-85% hepatitis C akut akan berkembang menjadi hepatitis C kronik, dan pada keadaan ini Anti-HCV tidak akan menghilang. Sebelum dilakukan uji saring, Anti HCV terdapat pada 80 –90% penderita hepatitis pasca transfusi. Perjalanan penyakit Hepatitis C yang cenderung menjadi sirosis hati dan Karsinoma hepatoseluler membuat uji saring darah donor sangat berguna karena dapat menurunkan kejadian hepatitis C sebanyak 50 – 80%. (Zuraida , 2000). Tes penyaring untuk hepatitis C perlu dilakukan pada: a. Penderita yang pernah mendapat transfusi darah atau produk darah sebelum adanya ELISA generasi kedua. b. Penderita haemofilia. c. Pasien yang telah di hemodialisis. d. Anak dari ibu penderita hepatitis C. e. Pernah atau masih menggunakan obat-obat intravena. f. Donor transplantasi organ maupun jaringan. Menurut Consensus Statement EASL, 1999. g. ELISA is the best test for a filter because it is easy to do and not very expensive. Test results can be trusted on most patients immunokompeten the hepatitis C virus replicate. This test is less sensitive in patients of hemodialysis and immunokompromais. On the test of blood banks filter false positives can occur in 25% of donors and supplemental tests need to be done such as usury. If necessary, then proceed with the qualitative HCV RNA to confirm the Anti HCV positive. On high risk populations which allegedly suffering from HCV, ELISA positive must be confirmed with a qualitative RNA test. In patients with hepa titis-acute, ELISA should be dila-assessed first. If tests are negative hepatitis A and B, then a must be doing test HCV RNA kua-litatif. Chronic hepatitis in patients without known reason with ELISA negative especially patient hemodialysis and immunokompromais, to do the test HCV RNA. Actually there are two different kinds of anti-HCV, Anti-HCV and the IgM IgG Anti-HCV. During acute HCV infection, antibodies are IgM is detected the first Anti HCV that would then be reduced by the incidence of IgG Anti-HCV. However, IgM Anti-HCV often settled when the infection becomes chronic and indicate the presence of active replication of the virus. (Dutch descent, 1996). Other researchers noted that the interests of the Anti-IgM screening is still in doubt due to HCV in fact IgM Anti-HCV was found at 50 – 93% of acute Hepatitis C but also at 50-70% of patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Therefore the IgM Anti-HCV cannot be used as a reliable serologis alert on Acute Hepatitis C infection. (Pawlotsky, 1999). C. Confirmation Test. Examination Of HCV RNA. If examination of the Anti HCV antibody screening, then the examination of antigens is done by examining the HCV-RNA that can be performed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. This inspection is carried out by methods such as PCR and molecular biology branched-DNA (b-DNA). PCR is a method based on the amplification of the target DNA or RNA. In this case a small amount of RNA/DNA viruses reproduced before is detected, so that this method is very sensitive. b-DNA is a method of examination based on the amplification of the signal generated. With the molecules of the amplifier (b-DNA), then the signal being detected will be strengthened. Benefits Checkup HCV RNA which is to determine the level of disease activity is quantitatively on chronic hepatitis C sufferers, help determine prognosis after treatment with interferon-α, measure response to chronic hepatitis C sufferers against the treatment of interferon α and an additional examination to the examination of liver function, history and clinical study of serologis in the evaluation of hepatitis C. The only way to determine the presence of HCV viremia is by detection using RNA-Reversed Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Ca
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