Introduction Hepatitis C is a disease that is important because it is responsible for about 90% of post-transfusion hepatitis is suspected and 3% of the world's population has been infected with the hepatitis C virus has incubation period of approximately 7 weeks (2-26 weeks). Chronic hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and carcinoma of the hepatoseluler. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) was first identified in l998 and is the main cause of hepatitis non-A, non-B. Before the discovery of serologis tests for hepatitis C, a diagnosis of hepatitis non-A non-B hepatitis A exclusion of enforced, hepatitis B and other possible causes of hepatitis. Hepatitis C virus is a single-stranded RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae includes. The HCV genome was discovered in 1989 by Choo et al. Because of the structure of a very heterogeneous HCV genome and easily held the mutation variations occur easily thus travel clinic HCV infections, anti-virus therapy response is not good and the difficulty of making vaccines. The success of the therapy against HCV infection anti virus is lower compared with virus hepatitis B therapy and relapsnya figures higher. The role of the laboratory in this disease is to prevent transmission of disease diagnosis, monitor, enforce travel sickness, monitor and predict the prognosis of treatment response. Laboratory Examination Hepatitis C Virus Infection On A. Examination Of The Biochemical Filter Inspection B. (Screening Test) C. Confirmation Test D. Determination Of Genotyping HCV A. Biochemical Examination. On examination of blood seen an increase in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and transaminase. Serum transaminase Serum Alanine Amino Transferase mainly (ALT = SGPT) a varied hike occurs, then the above normal values decline or fluctuate, increasing kadangkadang up and down sometimes erratic. In General, symptoms clinical hepatitis virus C acute hepatitis symptoms are difficult to distinguish with the virus B and other acute viral infections, and more than 50% of the patients showed increased liver faal tests. In acute hepatitis C increased ALT occurs 7-8 weeks after infection and can increase to 10-15 times the normal rate. The typical virus hepatitis C is on chronic patterns improved enzyme ALT (SGPT) is polifasik, down up (like "yo yo") for 6 months or more. The Summit increased SGPT is generally not as high as hepatitis B, whereas other enzymes increase similar to the hepatitis B virus. Prior to the discovery of a specific serologis alert, in case of increase in serum transaminase at least twice above the normal value at twice the examination separately have an important diagnostic value i.e. when not found any other reasons that can lead to an increase in the enzymes are clearly among others the existence of exposure to toxic materials, drugs or serologis of the existence of other hepatitis infection.B. Pemeriksaan Penyaring (Screening Test). Pemeriksaan Antibody spesifik yaitu Anti HCV bisa dilakukan dengan cara RIA (Radio Immuno Assay) atau EIA (= ELISA/Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay). Cara tersebut dengan antigen utama C 100-3 yang disintesis melalui rekayasa DNA terhadap kultur ragi. Antigen yang telah dilapiskan pada fase padat, kemudian direaksikan dengan antibodi yang terdapat dalam serum. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan antigen kedua yang telah dilabel. Antibodi terhadap HCV yang dinilai adalah Immunoglobulin anti HCV. 1. Tes anti-HCV ELISA generasi pertama hanya memakai satu antigen saja yaitu C 1003. Tes ini kurang sensitif (sensitivitasnya adalah 80%90% dibandingkan dengan generasi kedua). Hasil positif palsu untuk tes generasi pertama dapat terjadi pada penderita dengan hipergammaglobulinemia dan adanya faktor rheumatoid. ELISA generasi kedua selain antigen C 100-3, digunakan pula dua antigen tambahan yaitu protein C-22 dan C-33 dari inti (core) dan NS-3 protein. Tes anti HCV generasi kedua ini lebih sensitif dan lebih spesifik dalam mendeteksi antibodi infeksi hepatitis virus C (sensitivitas mendekati 99%). ELISA generasi ketiga telah dilakukan pada tahun 1994 dengan penambahan NS-5, terbukti anti HCV generasi ketiga lebih sensitif dibandingkan dengan generasi sebelumnya. Tes ini memakai serum atau plasma yang telah diencerkan, kemudian diinkubasi dengan bead yang telah dilapisi dengan antigen HCV. Bila terdapat antibodi didalam serum, maka immunoglobulin penderita akan terikat dengan bead tadi dan dapat dideteksi. 2. Recombinant Immunoblot Assay (RIBA). A test of the virus of hepatitis C protein by Recombinant Immunoblot Assay methods (RIBA) that the principle is a immunoelektroforesis to detect antibodies to the hepatitis C virus. USURY in the form of Nitrocellulose strips containing a Ribbon-Ribbon (bands) are coated antigen-specific antigens and then reacted with the serum of the patient. a. RIBA 1. RIBA recombinant antigens using 1 C 1003, 5-1-1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme to heighten the efficiency of cloning. RIBA 1 reported more sensitive and more specific than ELISA 1. b. RIBA 2. RIBA recombinant antigens using 2 C 1003, 5-1-1, SOD, C-33c and C-22. RIBA 2 more sensitive sensitivity (98%) and more specifically of the RIBA'S 1. The addition of recombinant antigen C-33c and C22 at RIBA 2 turns heightens sensitivity. c. RIBA 3. RIBA 3 uses 2 kinds of antigens are antigens Sinthetic peptides C 100-3 and C-22 and C-33c recombinant antigen and NS-5. RIBA 3 reported more sensitive than RIBA 2 due to the addition of sinthetic peptides. (Wibisono, 2000). Though USURY was more specific than ELISA, USURY is not a "True Confirmation Test" because it uses the same antigens as used in ELISA, particularly C 100-3. More precisely, if tests of RIBA is referred to as "Supplemental Test". Anti-HCV positive new fact about 15 weeks after infection occurs, resulting in acute Hepatitis C rarely diagnosed and a diagnosis can only be upheld with an examination of HCV RNA by PCR method at the beginning of the disease. Anti HCV will generally disappear with the recovery of the disease. Approximately 70-85% of acute hepatitis C will develop into chronic hepatitis C, and in this state of Anti-HCV is not going to disappear. Prior to the Anti-HCV test strain, found in the 80-90% post transfusion hepatitis sufferers. Travel diseases Hepatitis C tend to be liver cirrhosis and carcinoma of the hepatoseluler make the blood donor strain test is very useful because it can lower the incidence of hepatitis C by as much as 50-80%. (Zuraida, 2000). Filter test for hepatitis C needs to be done on: a. Patients who had received blood transfusions or blood products before the existence of the second generation ELISA. b. haemofilia Sufferers. c. patients who have been on hemodialysis. d. Children of mothers with hepatitis c. e. Once or still use drugs intravenously. f. Donor transplant organs and tissues. According to a Consensus Statement, EASL, 1999. g. ELISA is the best test for a filter because it is easy to do and not very expensive. Test results can be trusted on most patients immunokompeten the hepatitis C virus replicate. This test is less sensitive in patients of hemodialysis and immunokompromais. On the test of blood banks filter false positives can occur in 25% of donors and supplemental tests need to be done such as usury. If necessary, then proceed with the qualitative HCV RNA to confirm the Anti HCV positive. On high risk populations which allegedly suffering from HCV, ELISA positive must be confirmed with a qualitative RNA test. In patients with hepa titis-acute, ELISA should be dila-assessed first. If tests are negative hepatitis A and B, then a must be doing test HCV RNA kua-litatif. Chronic hepatitis in patients without known reason with ELISA negative especially patient hemodialysis and immunokompromais, to do the test HCV RNA. Actually there are two different kinds of anti-HCV, Anti-HCV and the IgM IgG Anti-HCV. During acute HCV infection, antibodies are IgM is detected the first Anti HCV that would then be reduced by the incidence of IgG Anti-HCV. However, IgM Anti-HCV often settled when the infection becomes chronic and indicate the presence of active replication of the virus. (Dutch descent, 1996). Other researchers noted that the interests of the Anti-IgM screening is still in doubt due to HCV in fact IgM Anti-HCV was found at 50 – 93% of acute Hepatitis C but also at 50-70% of patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Therefore the IgM Anti-HCV cannot be used as a reliable serologis alert on Acute Hepatitis C infection. (Pawlotsky, 1999). C. Confirmation Test. Examination Of HCV RNA. If examination of the Anti HCV antibody screening, then the examination of antigens is done by examining the HCV-RNA that can be performed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. This inspection is carried out by methods such as PCR and molecular biology branched-DNA (b-DNA). PCR is a method based on the amplification of the target DNA or RNA. In this case a small amount of RNA/DNA viruses reproduced before is detected, so that this method is very sensitive. b-DNA is a method of examination based on the amplification of the signal generated. With the molecules of the amplifier (b-DNA), then the signal being detected will be strengthened. Benefits Checkup HCV RNA which is to determine the level of disease activity is quantitatively on chronic hepatitis C sufferers, help determine prognosis after treatment with interferon-α, measure response to chronic hepatitis C sufferers against the treatment of interferon α and an additional examination to the examination of liver function, history and clinical study of serologis in the evaluation of hepatitis C. The only way to determine the presence of HCV viremia is by detection using RNA-Reversed Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Ca
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