Pengenalan teknologi informasiBab 1

Introduction to information technologyChapter 1:Computer hardwareConcepts of information technology• Hardware H/W• The software S/W• Database systems• Telecommunications & Networks• Internet, Intranet & ExtranetsHardware: Input, processing & OutputDevice• Why learn about Hardware?Chapter Review• In this chapter, we will learn:-Hardware components:• CPU (central processing unit)• Memory (primary and secondary storage)• Input devices• Output devices.-Classification of the computer with the power.– Strategic issues regarding hardware.Hardware components• Central Processing Unit (CPU)• Memory• Input devices (Equipment Input)• Output Device (Equipment Output)• Communication devices (EquipmentCommunicationCPUS (continued)• Microprocessor that executesinstructions for performing processing tasks.The components are:-Control Unit-Arithmetic-Logic Unit-Register-Primary StorageCPUS (continued)The control unit •-Access program instructions-Decode (interpret) the instructions-Control the flow of data throughout the system-The Data flow through the buses are calledCPUS (continued) • Arithmetic-Logic Unit -Perform calculations on the data -Performs comparative dataCPUS (continued)• The Register-High speed storage-Hold the data and instructions-Before, during, and after the execution by a CPUCPUS (continued)• Primary Storage (main memory)-Store the instructions of the program-Store data for processingMachine cycle• 4 cycle processCPUS (continued) • Machine Cycle Instruction involves two the instruction and execution phases: -Step 1: take the instructions. The instruction is taken from the main storage by the Control Unit -Step 2:. The Control Unit translates instructions instructions are translated and forwarded to the The processor's execution units as appropriate. -Step 3: Execute the instruction. The PESTLE to receive data and instructions and do-step 4: saving the results. The result is stored in the main storageImplementation instructions CPUS (continued)• Computer performance is measured in part by thethe number of machine cycles carried out instructionsper second (MIPS).• The factors that affect performance include:-Word length-Wide bus (Mhz)-Width-Clock speed:• a series of electronic pulses that are generated at specified levels that affect the timing of the cycle of the machine.• Clock speed is often measured in a megahertz (MHz, millionscycle per second) the gigahertz (GHz, or billions of cycles perthe second).CPUS (continued)• Microprocessor is thriving because of the-Miniaturization of transistors-Reduce the distance between transistors onchip (a decrease of line width)-Increase the electrical conductivity of (flow)-Improve the instruction set is programmed into thechip.• Smaller, faster, cheaper, more powerfulchips with each generation.Basics of computer memory• Digital computer, and represents the data in thebit pattern• Bit stands for binary digIT. Binarythe system consists of two values: 0 & 1• 8 bit = bytes• Basic storage size is a Byte incomputer• Set the ASCII code of the character that is unique toeach pattern & 0s 1s in bytes.• Kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyteCharacteristics of memory-Speed-Volatility– Method Of Acces• Serial Access• Random access• Parallel access-Portability-CapacityTypes of memory chips....Advanced....Primary Storage (main memory)• Main memory is a temporary storagethe region holds three things ...-the information you work with-the software applications you useoperating systems software• Increase the memory capacity increasesystem performancePrimary Storage (main memory)• The Types Of Primary Storage-Registers of the CPU; very fast; very limitedthe capacity of the– Random Access Memory (RAM)-memory chips on themotherboard; General instructions and program storagedata; volatile-Cache Memory-faster than RAM; used to provideIntermediate storage between secondary storage and RAM-Read-only Memory (ROM) chip – keep a permanentinstructions needed by the computer; non-volatileSecondary storage• The characteristics of the-Non-volatile data storage andinstructions-Large storage capacity-Less expensive than Primary Storage-Slower than Primary Storage-Magnetic and optical storage MediaTypes of secondary storage• Magnetic Tape-Cheap, slow and sequential access: good for backup• Magnetic Disk-Floppy disk-Hard disk• Memory cards and cartridges• Optical-CD-ROM, CD-RW-DVD-FMD-ROMStorage for the enterprise• Storage systems company-providinga coordinated storage, secure and manageable for allcompany data.-Redundant array of independent disks(Attack)-Storage area network-Network attached Storage• Storage-service providers third partythe storage utility